Altered States of Consciousness Caused by Mindfulness-Based Programme: Results from a Randomised Controlled Trial
Background
Mindfulness-based programmes (MBPs) have shown positive effects on mental health. There is evidence that MBPs may also lead to significant changes in waking consciousness. This study aimed to explore the causal role of MBPs in different types of altered states of consciousness.
Methods
We conducted a pragmatic randomised controlled trial with University of Cambridge students. Participants were randomised to an 8-week MBP plus mental health support as usual (SAU), or to SAU alone. We used the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale (OAV) to assess spontaneous experiences in daily life. The scale was included as a secondary outcome at the end of the one-year follow-up questionnaire. Two-part model analyses compared trial arms and estimated the effects of formal (meditation) and informal (daily activities) mindfulness practice during the year. Sensitivity analyses correcting for multiple comparisons were conducted.
Results
We randomised 670 participants; 205 completed the OAV. MBP participants experienced unity and disembodiment more frequently and intensively compared to SAU. Formal practice predicted various altered states of consciousness, while informal practice predicted unity and blissful experiences. Formal practice dose-response effects remained significant even after corrections for multiple comparisons.
Conclusions
Results suggest causal links between mindfulness practice and specific altered states of consciousness. Practitioners and teachers need to anticipate and handle these states appropriately to optimise their impact. Future studies should confirm findings and assess mechanisms and clinical implications.
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